ࡱ> TVU>( F/ 0|DTimes New Roman88|dv 0|( 0DArial Blackman88|dv 0|( 0" DArialBlackman88|dv 0|( 0"0DAbadi MT Condensed Light|( 0G"@Dtdi MT Condensed Light|( 0 ` .  @n?" dd@  @@``_>*whoosh.wav.WAV 10103RIFFWAVEfmt ++data~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~zvtvxz|~zvrnlrv||vtrpptz~|xvtv|~~zxvvvz|~xrlhntzzvrrpprrx~|j[QU_|bICCYn[ICY~zlnh]_r|]SUSSjz|x__l~v_]drnUb|nfd_]d]5=rrnj]jz~lMldrx[[_f|YQfWK_xh[zx[CIjzxxdSQz|_fI9WӹM;QnvK;OUx~xj]]YS~ɵlM?plM;CGpٵ[)Kh|% %;xtKQS]ɖbGr|lSnvz~nfS[nëx;Az=+AYݻ|=/1r_ ?|潄W5/Czãf)/pvbMQr|O=OtjdhjlG?G_ɊK3לdQCMppW;1SŷAMz/#?bx͖SAM[hvhYp~~zrvt[]ptWOUtxxd]v~vvxzd_xzh_nrSQltbdp~_lrQ_l][tf]W]~hWfp|fWhnhbU[hzlSCWbYbnxpdhjvjM9Ot]GQ[dpp~hhhdpx~xh]Yntnrp]dlvjQMb|vdjpzxzztljr||_[r~~jb_j|z|xpp~~v]Wh||zx|x|zzndhpxr]Yfntzjl|z||~vppnrzphrxz|~|xtrjjtv~~vz|z||xrrv~xrprtz|||vzxvx|xtx~~~~~~~zxxxx|zxz~~~rrz~|xz~~|vtx|zxz|~~~||zx|||~~zz|zz~~~~|~~||~~||zz|~||z~~~~zxzz|~~~~|~~~|~||~~~~~~~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~~~~~~||~~||~||~~~~|||~~~~||||~~~~~~||||~~~~~~~~~~~|~~~~|zz~~~~~~~||||~~||~~~~~|||~~~~~|||~|~|~~~~|z|~~~~~~~|||~~~~~~~~||~~~~~~~~ \TtR  "   c $ @$uʚ;2Nʚ;g4CdCdv 0p"ppp@ <4!d!d` 0,$9<4dddd` 0,$9 <4BdBd 0,g4<d<dv 0pLp@ pp2*___PPT9 z? %0 It s my voice $Mothers views on the usefulness of singing to support early communication Alison Street: EECERA, August 2007oK$ Music in PEEPSongs and rhymes provide: Opportunities for play with voice, sound and gesture; Recognition of reciprocal expressiveness; Interaction in groups and 1 to 1; Modelling of repertoire and singing. Z$ $$/ $$$ $$ $  $The Research Questions:How and why do mothers sing to babies? How does singing influence engagement? How do mother s attitudes to singing impact on their perception of their role? ZLiterature 1: SingingDocumented contours of infant-directed speech; Fernald: 1989, Papousek: 1996 Acoustic studies in laboratory settings of sung-through songs to infants. Trehub et al: 1997 nVJ. 'N  >0VLiterature 2: CommunicatingCommunication as a continuous process where adult and baby develop understanding through co-regulation; Fogel: 1993 Communicative musicality; Trevarthen: 2000 Music is helpfully flexible and ambiguous. Cross: 2005 9m    -  ,h  A Two studiesStudy 1: Questionnaire  104 mothers in well baby clinics: Results: all said that they sing to their babies; to soothe or make them laugh. Study 2: Observation Study using video recording and recall $q?Study 2: Method16 mothers recruited in family centres and health clinics; Babies 4-11 months old; Recorded in home or family room; Mothers asked to talk, sing and play for 3 minutes; Video playback with recorded commentary. Z  Singing Types Rhythmically repeated word,  Boo Sung speech Sound sequence Wordless tune Chant and Song Levels of engagement Scale A = Ambiguity B = Bilateral/conflictual C = Consensual (most reciprocal) (based on systemic view of family therapy: Fivaz-Depeursinge, (1991) Family Process, 30: 101-120) :V$,7>'L '  Analysis Time sampling: 30 second intervals to make broad sweep across data to provide profiles of individual pairs Event sampling: reliability check Micro-analysis of I dyad: Clare and daughter Britney (37 weeks) detailed description during 225 seconds nZ#$J$B$'$ 7  4Observer s interpretationslMost reciprocal engagement (C) occurred during sustained singing or measured voice play. Voice play acts as a bridge between engagement levels  imitating, varying and extending. 6.   e Analysis of commentaries: emerging themes singing process - ways of relating - beliefs about role8f 9* Sources Self concept About singing types *+ * Themes in order of occurrence Rocognition of engagement Baby s responses Mother s intentions Mother s awareness of supportive role in development6"tt" h 0Mothers interpretations PHow?  singing is about exaggerating  being the movement  silly expressions with your eyes and mouth wide /absolute rubbish (for)  catching his attention - I hold the first note What? TV adverts, musical toys, football songs, other relations, friendsN)Z  Db c Nb    Vggg  I think it calms me down as well actually. If he s crying and I m getting agitated it s, well, he s getting agitated. It probably works for both of us because I feel as if I m doing something that & that he finds soothing& And if he responds of course, it s really rewarding. And also it s nice that it doesn t matter that I can t sing. That s not the issue, the issue is that it s my voice and ______that s nice that, that s & and that s why I would never normally sing in any other environment because I know I can t sing, like - a lot of people can t, but of course that doesn t matter to A, that s not what he s interested in . (Lydia) V vff   ConclusionsSinging types emerge within interaction where timing and quality is contingent on the baby s and the mother s responses. Mothers prefer privacy. Mothers sing to communicate emotions and to regulate their own feelings. Singing provides voice play. $ZZ &Implications for practice with parentsbTo value and build on dialogue between parent and practitioner, that recognises: vocal expressions and singing practices at home; the meanings parents give to their infants responses; parents interpretations as opportunities for discussion about interacting, about being a model, and about rationale. QZZZ""" """""  ReferencesCross, I. (2005) Music and meaning, ambiguity and evolution. In D. Miell, R. MacDonald & D. J. Hargreaves (eds) Musical Communication, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fernald, A. (1989) Intonation and communicative intent in mothers speech to infants: Is the melody the message? Child Development, Vol. 60, pp.1497-1510. Fogel, A. (1993) Developing through relationships. Origins of communication, self and culture. Hertfordshire, UK. Harvester Wheatsheaf. ZZq"""""" "L"")""""B       ; v "References cont dPapouaek, M. Intuitive parenting: a hidden source of musical stimulation in infancy. In I. Delige and J. Sloboda (eds.) (1996) Musical Beginnings. Oxford, UK.: Oxford University Press. Trehub, S. E., Unyk, A. M., Kamenetsky, S. B., Hill, D. S., Trainor, L. J., Henderson, J. L. & Saraza, M. (1997). Mothers and fathers singing to infants. Developmental Psychology, Vol. 33, pp. 500-7. Trevarthen, C. 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